Our review of treatment data on exercise interventions and mental health outcomes focuses primarily on depression and anxiety within a health neuroscience framework. Despite abundant evidence linking PA and mental health, use of exercise training as a mental health treatment remains limited due to three important sources of uncertainty: ( a) large individual differences in response to exercise treatment within multiple mental health domains ( b) the critical importance of sustained PA engagement, not always achieved, for therapeutic benefit and ( c) disagreement regarding the relative importance of putative therapeutic mechanisms. Most evidence linking PA to mental health outcomes has focused on the effects of aerobic exercise training on depression, although a growing body of work supports the efficacy of both aerobic and resistance exercise paradigms in the treatment of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. A large and growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) may hold therapeutic promise in the management of mental health disorders.
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